Index

actual type

Type Inclusion

any

Built-in Types, Any

as a supertype

The Theta Type , Type Hierarchy, Type Specifications

as a supertype

The Theta Type , Type Hierarchy, Type Specifications

as a supertype

The Theta Type , Type Hierarchy, Type Specifications

apparent type

Type Inclusion

of expressions

Expressions

arguments

varying number of

Invocation

arithmetic operators

Int, Real

array-like types

Fetch, Store Statement

arrays

Built-in Types, Array

creation using varying arguments

Array

short form for fetch method

Fetch

short form for store method

Store Statement

type instantiation

Parameterized Type Instantiations

assignment

Assignment

legality of

Type Inclusion

multiple

Assignment

within a declaration

Initialization Assignment

associativity

Precedence and Associativity

bag example

implementation

Example

specification

Type Specification Examples

using implementation as superclass

Example of Inheritance

begin statement

Begin Statement

binding

in method selection

Method Selection

of routines

Binding

varying number of arguments

Binding

BNF grammar

Reference Grammar

form of

Notation

body

as a scoping unit

Scoping Units

of a statement

Statements

booleans

Built-in Types, Bool

break statement

Break Statement

built-in types

Built-in Types

call by sharing

Call by Sharing, Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

case insensitivity

Case Insensitivity

characters

Built-in Types, Char

class constructors

Class Constructors

class type

definition of

Classes

relation to superclass

Subclasses

use in typecase statement

Classes

classes

Overview of the , Classes and Inheritance, Classes

constructors for

Class Constructors, Classes

constructors for

Class Constructors, Classes

exporting enough methods & routines

Defining Superclasses

inheritance in

Inheritance

makers for

Classes and Inheritance, Makers

makers for

Classes and Inheritance, Makers

public and private methods

Classes and Inheritance, Classes

public and private methods

Classes and Inheritance, Classes

rules for

Rules for Superclasses

comments

Comments

compilation of program units

Programs

conformance

of routine signatures

Routine Type Hierarchy

of subtype definitions

The Theta Type , Type Specifications

of subtype definitions

The Theta Type , Type Specifications

constant expressions

Constant Expressions

constraints

Parametric Polymorphism

in implementations

Parameterized Implementations

in method specifications

Type Specifications

in specifications

Parameterized Specifications

satisfying in instantiations

Parameterized Type Instantiations, Parameterized Type Instantiations

satisfying in instantiations

Parameterized Type Instantiations, Parameterized Type Instantiations

constructors

for classes

Class Constructors, Classes

for classes

Class Constructors, Classes

for records, structs, oneofs, and maybes

Constructors, Record

for records, structs, oneofs, and maybes

Constructors, Record

continue statement

Continue Statement

contravariance rule

Routine Type Hierarchy

covariance rule

Routine Type Hierarchy

creation routines

Specifications

choice of names

Type Specifications

exported by modules

Modules

implementation of

Classes and Inheritance

in implementation module

Modules

specification of

Type Specifications

currying

Binding

declarations

Variables and Declarations

as a statement

Simple Statements

implementation of get and set methods

Abbreviated Implementations

in for statement

For Statement

of instance variables

Classes, Abbreviated Implementations

of instance variables

Classes, Abbreviated Implementations

with initialization

Initialization Assignment

without initialization

Variables and Declarations

dispatch

Run-Time Dispatch

encapsulation

Modules

in modules

Modules

encapsulation in modules

Modules, Modules

equated identifiers

defined in equates

Equates

used in expressions

Identifiers that denote

equates

Equates

no recursion in

Equates

scope of

Equates

examples

bag implementation

Example, Example of Inheritance

bag implementation

Example, Example of Inheritance

bag specification

Type Specification Examples

stack implementation

Example of Inheritance

stack specification

Type Specification Examples

except statement

Except Statement

use with exit statement

Exit Statement

exceptions

for use of uninitialized variable

Variables and Declarations

from exit statement

Exit Statement

handled by except statement

Except Statement

maker reaches end of body

Makers

procedure reaches end of body

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

raised by routine invocation

Termination

signaling of

Signal Statement

exit statement

Exit Statement

exporting

in classes

Defining Superclasses

in subclasses

Subclasses

safety considerations

Rules for Superclasses

expressions

Expressions

actual type of

Type Inclusion

apparent type of

Type Inclusion, Expressions

apparent type of

Type Inclusion, Expressions

associativity of operators

Precedence and Associativity

bind

Binding

constants

Constant Expressions

constructors

Constructors

equated identifiers

Identifiers that denote

fetch

Fetch

identifiers denoting routines

Identifiers that denote

identifiers that denote objects

Identifiers that denote

instance variables

Instance Variable Selection

literals

Literals

method selection

Method Selection

new_object

Identifiers that denote

precedence of operators

Precedence and Associativity

prefix and infix operators

Prefix and Infix

procedure invocation

Procedure Invocation

routine instantiations

Routine Instantiation

self

Identifiers that denote

short circuit boolean operators

& and

variables

Identifiers that denote

external names

Programs

definition of

External Names

for types

Types and Parameterized

linking

Modules

scope rules

Scope Rules

use in implements clause

Modules

failure exception

The Failure Exception

for use of uninitialized variable

Variables and Declarations

maker reaches end of body

Makers

not listed in routine interface

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

procedure reaches end of body

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

false

Built-in Types, Bool

fetch method special form

Fetch

for statement

For Statement

garbage collection

Objects

get method

abbreviated implementation

Abbreviated Implementations

grammar

BNF form

Notation

case insensitivity

Case Insensitivity

comments

Comments

operators

Operators and Punctuation

punctuation symbols

Operators and Punctuation

reserved words

Reserved Words

tokens and separators

Tokens and Separators

handlers

for exceptions

Except Statement

for exit statement

Exit Statement

hides clause

of a class

Defining Superclasses

restrictions in a subclass

Subclasses

identifiers

Identifiers

used in expressions

Identifiers that denote

idns

ScopesDeclarations, and

if statement

If Statement

immutable objects

Types and Parameterized

implementations

of bag

Example, Example of Inheritance

of bag

Example, Example of Inheritance

of stack

Example of Inheritance

of stand-alone routines

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

of types by classes

Classes

parameterized

Parameterized Implementations

implements clause

Modules

infix operators

Prefix and Infix

inheritance

Overview of the , Classes and Inheritance, Classes and Inheritance, Inheritance

and type hierarchy

Subclasses

example of

Example of Inheritance

renaming of superclass methods

Subclasses

inheriting methods in a subclass

Subclasses

instance variables

assignment to

Assignment

declarations of

Classes

hidden from subclasses

Classes and Inheritance, Subclasses

hidden from subclasses

Classes and Inheritance, Subclasses

implementing get and set methods

Classes and Inheritance, Abbreviated Implementations

implementing get and set methods

Classes and Inheritance, Abbreviated Implementations

in a subclass

Subclasses

selection of

Instance Variable Selection

use in expressions

Instance Variable Selection, Classes

use in expressions

Instance Variable Selection, Classes

use in make statement

Make Statement, Makers

use in make statement

Make Statement, Makers

instantiation

Parametric Polymorphism, Types and Parameterized , Parameterized Type Instantiations, Routine Instantiation

for tagged types

Tagged Types

general form

Parameterized Type Instantiations

legality

Parameterized Type Instantiations

of methods

Method Selection

of routines

Routine Instantiation

integers

Built-in Types, Int

invocation

Invocation

as a statement

Simple Statements

in primaries

Primaries

legality of

Form of Invocation

method dispatch

Run-Time Dispatch

of bound routine

Binding

of iterator in for statement

For Statement

of maker in class constructor

Class Constructors

of maker in make statement

Make Statement

of selected method

Method Selection

used in expressions

Procedure Invocation

using varying number of args

Form of Invocation

iterators

as methods

Type Specifications

implementation of

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

invocation of

Invocation

specification of

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

used in for statement

For Statement

linking

for external names

Modules

for"external names

Programs

literals

Literals, Literals

for booleans

Bool

for characters

Char

for integers

Int

for reals

Real

for strings

String

for type null

Null

used in expressions

Literals

make statement

Make Statement

use in makers

Makers

makers

Classes and Inheritance, Makers

provided by a class

Defining Superclasses

use in a subclass

Subclasses

use in class constructors

Class Constructors

use of make statement in

Make Statement

used to implement routines

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

maybes

Built-in Types, Maybe

constructors for

Constructors

type instantiation

Parameterized Type Instantiations

use in tagcase statement

Tagcase Statement

method calls

in parameterized implementations

Parameterized Implementations

short forms

Prefix and Infix

methods

Objects

abbreviated implementations of

Abbreviated Implementations

calls in parameterized implementation

Parameterized Implementations

can be procedures or iterators

Type Specifications

choice of names in

Type Specifications

constraints

Type Specifications

dispatch at runtime

Run-Time Dispatch

hidden by class

Defining Superclasses

implementation of

Classes

inherited in a subclass

Subclasses

instantiation of

Method Selection

invocation of

Invocation

named using the form

Subclasses

optional

Parameterized Type Instantiations, Type Specifications

optional

Parameterized Type Instantiations, Type Specifications

overridden in a subclass

Subclasses

parameterized

Parameterized Type Instantiations, Type Specifications

parameterized

Parameterized Type Instantiations, Type Specifications

private

Classes and Inheritance, Classes

private

Classes and Inheritance, Classes

provided by class

Defining Superclasses

public

Classes

selection of

Method Selection

specifications

Type Specifications

modules

Overview of the , Modules, Implementations

multiple assignment

Assignment

mutable objects

Types and Parameterized

nil

Built-in Types, Null

null

Built-in Types, Null

use in maybes

Built-in Types, Maybe

use in maybes

Built-in Types, Maybe

objects

actual type of

Type Inclusion

creation of

Objects

creation routines

Type Specifications

in object universe

Objects

initialized by class constructors

Class Constructors

initialized by makers

Makers

initialized in make statement

Make Statement

mutable and immutable

Types and Parameterized

same_object procedure

Same_object

oneofs

Built-in Types, Oneof

constructors for

Constructors

relationship to maybes

Maybe

use in tagcase statement

Tagcase Statement

operators

arithmetic

Int, Real

arithmetic

Int, Real

associativity rules

Precedence and Associativity

fetch form

Fetch

infix

Prefix and Infix

precedence rules

Precedence and Associativity

prefix

Prefix and Infix

short circuit boolean

& and

optional methods

Parameterized Type Instantiations, Type Specifications

others arm

Others Handler

not used with exits

Exit Statement

overriding methods

Subclasses

effect on superclass methods

Subclasses

parameterized implementations

Parameterized Implementations

parameterized specifications

Parameterized Specifications

parameterized types

Types and Parameterized

instantiation

Parameterized Type Instantiations

parametric polymorphism

Overview of the , Parametric Polymorphism, Parameterized Specifications

polymorphism

parametric

Overview of the , Parametric Polymorphism

parametric

Overview of the , Parametric Polymorphism

subtype

Overview of the , The Theta Type

subtype

Overview of the , The Theta Type

precedence

Precedence and Associativity

prefix operators

Prefix and Infix

primaries

definition of

Primaries

use in left hand side of assignment

Assignment

used in invocation statement

Simple Statements

used in store statement

Store Statement

private methods

Classes and Inheritance, Classes

procedures

as methods

Type Specifications

implementation of

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

invocation of

Invocation

invoked as a statement

Simple Statements

invoked in expressions

Procedure Invocation

invoked in multiple assignment

Initialization Assignment

reaching end of body

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

specification of

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

program units

Programs

provides clause

of a class

Defining Superclasses

restrictions in a subclass

Subclasses

public methods

Classes

raising exceptions

Signal Statement

reals

Built-in Types, Real

records

Built-in Types, Record

constructors for

Constructors

field selection

Field Selection

renaming

in a subclass

Classes and Inheritance, Subclasses

in a subclass

Classes and Inheritance, Subclasses

of supertype methods

The Theta Type , Type Specifications

of supertype methods

The Theta Type , Type Specifications

reserved words

Reserved Words

resignal statement

Resignal Statement

not used with exits

Exit Statement

return statement

Return Statement

routine objects

Routine Instantiation

routine types

contra and covariance

Routine Type Hierarchy

equality of

Type Equality

routines

Invocation, Routines

are first class objects

Built-in Types

binding

Binding

currying

Binding

for creating objects

Specifications, Type Specifications, Modules

for creating objects

Specifications, Type Specifications, Modules

for creating objects

Specifications, Type Specifications, Modules

identifiers used in expressions

Identifiers that denote

implementation of

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

implemented by makers

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

instantiation of

Built-in Types, Routine Instantiation

instantiation of

Built-in Types, Routine Instantiation

kinds of

Invocation

methods of

Routines

parameterized implementations

Parameterized Implementations

parameterized specifications of

Parameterized Specifications

procedures and iterators

Invocation

provided by class

Defining Superclasses

specifications of

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

stand alone

Objects, Invocation

stand alone

Objects, Invocation

subtyping rules for

Routine Type Hierarchy

termination of

Termination

type derived from"specification

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

type designators for

Routine Types

type hierarchy of

Routine Type Hierarchy

ways of obtaining

Invocation

rules for classes

Rules for Superclasses

same_object procedure

Same_object

scopes and scope rules

ScopesDeclarations, and , Scope Rules

containment

Scoping Units

external names

Scope Rules

scoping units

Scoping Units

selection

from self

Classes

of a method

Method Selection

of an instance variable

Instance Variable Selection

within a class

Classes

self

implicit use

Instance Variable Selection

use in make statement

Make Statement, Makers

use in make statement

Make Statement, Makers

use in methods

Classes

used in expressions

Identifiers that denote

separators

Tokens and Separators

sequences

Built-in Types, Sequence

constructed from varying args in invocation

Form of Invocation

creation using varying arguments

Sequence

short form for fetch method

Fetch

type instantiation

Parameterized Type Instantiations

use in routine header for varying args

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

set method

abbreviated implementation

Abbreviated Implementations

short circuit boolean operators

& and

short forms

for fetch method

Fetch

for method calls

Prefix and Infix

for store method

Store Statement

rules for use

Type Specifications

signal statement

Signal Statement

specifications

Overview of the , Specifications

of bag

Type Specification Examples

of creation routines

Type Specifications

of stack

Type Specification Examples

of stand-alone routines

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

of types

Specifications, Type Specifications

of types

Specifications, Type Specifications

parameterized

Parameterized Specifications

separate from implementations

Specifications

stack example

implementation as subclass

Example of Inheritance

specification

Type Specification Examples

stand alone routines

Invocation

implementation of

Stand-Alone Routine Implementations

specification of

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

statements

Statements

assignment

Assignment, Simple Statements

assignment

Assignment, Simple Statements

begin

Begin Statement

body of

Statements

break

Break Statement

continue

Continue Statement

declarations

Variables and Declarations, Initialization Assignment, Simple Statements

declarations

Variables and Declarations, Initialization Assignment, Simple Statements

declarations

Variables and Declarations, Initialization Assignment, Simple Statements

except

Except Statement

exit

Exit Statement

for

For Statement

if

If Statement

initialization assignment

Initialization Assignment

invocation

Simple Statements

make

Make Statement

multiple assignment

Assignment

resignal

Resignal Statement

return

Return Statement

signal

Signal Statement

simple

Simple Statements

store

Store Statement

tagcase

Tagcase Statement

typecase

The Theta Type , Typecase Statement

typecase

The Theta Type , Typecase Statement

while

While Statement

yield

Yield Statement

store method special form

Store Statement

store statement

Store Statement

strings

Built-in Types, String

structs

Built-in Types, Struct

constructors for

Constructors

field selection

Field Selection

subclasses

Classes and Inheritance, Subclasses

subtype polymorphism

Overview of the , The Theta Type , Type Specifications

subtypes

The Theta Type

conformity rules

The Theta Type , Type Specifications

conformity rules

The Theta Type , Type Specifications

declaration of supertypes

Type Specifications, Parameterized Specifications

declaration of supertypes

Type Specifications, Parameterized Specifications

rules for routines

Routine Type Hierarchy

semantic rules

Type Specifications

superclasses

Classes and Inheritance, Defining Superclasses

methods used in subclasses

Subclasses

supertypes

Overview of the , The Theta Type

declared in specification

Type Specifications

of parameterized types

Parameterized Specifications

syntactic sugar

for fetch method

Fetch

for method calls

Prefix and Infix

for store method

Store Statement

rules for use

Type Specifications

tagcase statement

Tagcase Statement

tagged types

equality of

Type Equality

Thor

Overview of the

tokens

Tokens and Separators

true

Built-in Types, Bool

type

of bound routine

Binding

of instantiated routine

Routine Instantiation

of routine

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

of selected method

Method Selection

type checking

The Theta Type , Type Equality

conformity of subtype

The Theta Type , Type Specifications

conformity of subtype

The Theta Type , Type Specifications

of expressions

Expressions

of invocations

Invocation

of type designators

Type Equality

of variables

Type Inclusion

type designators

Types and Parameterized

defined by equate

Equates

equality of

Type Equality

for parameterized types

Parameterized Type Instantiations

for records, structs, and oneofs

Tagged Types

for routines

Routine Types

for simple types

Simple Types

type equality

Type Equality

type hierarchy

Overview of the , The Theta Type , Types and Parameterized , Type Hierarchy

and inheritance

Subclasses

declaring supertypes

Type Specifications

for routines

Routine Type Hierarchy

type inclusion rule

Type Inclusion

type specifications

Type Specifications

parameterized

Parameterized Specifications

typecase statement

The Theta Type , Typecase Statement

narrowing to class type

Classes

types

Objects, Types and Parameterized

any

The Theta Type , Built-in Types

any

The Theta Type , Built-in Types

arrays

Built-in Types

bool

Built-in Types

built-in

Built-in Types

char

Built-in Types

creation routines for

Specifications

external names for

Types and Parameterized

implemented by classes

Classes and Inheritance, Classes

implemented by classes

Classes and Inheritance, Classes

int

Built-in Types

maybes

Built-in Types

mutable and immutable

Types and Parameterized

null

Built-in Types

oneofs

Built-in Types

parameterized

Types and Parameterized

parameterized specifications of

Parameterized Specifications

real

Built-in Types

records

Built-in Types

sequences

Built-in Types

specification of

Specifications, Type Specifications

specification of

Specifications, Type Specifications

string

Built-in Types

structs

Built-in Types

vectors

Built-in Types

uninitialized variable exception

Variables and Declarations

variables

Variables and Declarations

assignment to

Assignment

declaration of

Variables and Declarations

exception if uninitialized

Variables and Declarations

instance variables

Assignment, Instance Variable Selection

instance variables

Assignment, Instance Variable Selection

type of

Variables and Declarations

uninitialized

Variables and Declarations

used in expressions

Identifiers that denote , Identifiers that denote

used in expressions

Identifiers that denote , Identifiers that denote

varying number of arguments

Form of Invocation

in a binding

Binding

in routine specifications

Stand-Alone Routine Specifications

use in array creation

Array

use in sequence creation

Sequence

use in vector creation

Vector

vectors

Built-in Types, Vector

creation using varying arguments

Vector

short form for fetch method

Fetch

short form for store method

Store Statement

type instantiation

Parameterized Type Instantiations

when arm

Handlers without Declarations

where clauses

example of use

Parameterized Type Instantiations

in implementations

Parameterized Implementations

in specifications

Parameterized Specifications

use in classes

Classes

while statement

While Statement

yield statement

Yield Statement